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The theory holds that during its early phase, space-time expanded exponentially, doubling in volume every fraction of a second before settling into a more sedate rate of growth. Eternal inflation was devised in the 1980s to explain some puzzling observations about our universe that standard big bang theory alone couldn’t handle.
But cosmologists soon realised that the inflationary universe came with caveats. Quantum mechanical effects, which normally only influence the smallest particles, played an important role in how all of space-time evolved.
One of these effects was that a small patch of space-time within the larger universe could shift into a different quantum state, forming a bubble. Such bubbles could form at random throughout our inflating universe.
That means that even after rapid expansion ended in our cosmos, a number of bubbles could keep inflating into their own baby universes. Each of these would give rise to other bubbles, spawning a sprawling multiverse.
“Our universe could even look like a black hole to physicists in some other universe”
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